type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ;

int a, b, c;         // declares three ints, a, b, and c.
int d = 4, e, f = 6; // declares three more ints, initializing
                     // d and f.
byte z = 33;         // initializes z.
double pi = 3.14159; // declares an approximation of pi.
char y = 'y';        // the variable y has the value 'x'.

1. Local variables
2. Instance variables
3. Class/static variables

Local variables :

• Local variables are declared in methods, constructors, or blocks.
• Local variables are created when the method, constructor or block is entered and the variable will be destroyed once it exits the method, constructor or block.
• Access modifiers cannot be used for local variables.
• Local variables are visible only within the declared method, constructor or block.
• Local variables are implemented at stack level internally.
• There is no default value for local variables so local variables should be declared and an initial value should be assigned before the first use.

Example:

public class Test{ 
   public void Age(){
      int age = 0;
      age = age + 10;
      System.out.println("my age is : " + age)
   }
   
   public static void main(String args[]){
      Test test = new Test();
      Test.pupAge();
   }
}

Puppy age is: 10

Instance variables :

• Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a method, constructor or any block.
• When a space is allocated for an object in the heap a slot for each instance variable value is created.
• Instance variables are created when an object is created with the use of the key word 'new' and destroyed when the object is destroyed.
• Instance variables hold values that must be referenced by more than one method, constructor or block, or essential parts of an object.s state that must be present through out the class.
• Instance variables can be declared in class level before or after use.
• Access modifiers can be given for instance variables.
• The instance variables are visible for all methods, constructors and block in the class. Normally it is recommended to make these variables private (access level).However visibility for subclasses can be given for these variables with the use of access modifiers.
• Instance variables have default values. For numbers the default value is 0, for Booleans it is false and for object references it is null. Values can be assigned during the declaration or within the constructor.
• Instance variables can be accessed directly by calling the variable name inside the class. However within static methods and different class ( when instance variables are given accessibility) the should be called using the fully qualified name . ObjectReference.VariableName.

Class/static variables :

• Class variables also known as static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class, but outside a method, constructor or a block.
• There would only be one copy of each class variable per class, regardless of how many objects are created from it.
• Static variables are rarely used other than being declared as constants. Constants are variables that are declared as public/private, final and static. Constant variables never change from their initial value.
• Static variables are stored in static memory. It is rare to use static variables other than declared final and used as either public or private constants.
• Static variables are created when the program starts and destroyed when the program stops.
• Visibility is similar to instance variables. However, most static variables are declared public since they must be available for users of the class.
• Default values are same as instance variables. For numbers the default value is 0, for Booleans it is false and for object references it is null. Values can be assigned during the declaration or within the constructor. Additionally values can be assigned in special static initializer blocks.
• Static variables can be accessed by calling with the class name . ClassName.VariableName.
• When declaring class variables as public static final, then variables names (constants) are all in upper case. If the static variables are not public and final the naming syntax is the same as instance and local variables.

Example:

import java.io.*;

class Employee{

   // salary  variable is a private static variable 

   private static double salary;

   // DEPARTMENT is a constant 

   public static final String DEPARTMENT = "testing";

   public static void main(String args[]){

      salary = 10000;
      System.out.println(DEPARTMENT+"average salary:"+salary);

  }
}

testing average salary:10000

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